The Reformation is a religious and social movement of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries aimed at the restoration of Christianity. This was a phenomenon that took place in the Catholic Church, in the church hierarchy and in the papacy. 1517 was the year of the beginning of the Reformation with the speech of Martin Luther. The main reasons for the Reformation were the struggle of the church for political power in Germany, Italy and Poland, as well as for its own judicial system and numerous privileges. The Church has given itself so-called "Church property", that is, land allotments, the sale of indulgences, the granting of several church posts to one priest. There was also nepotism, that is, the clergy supporting their own families.
On March 15, 1545, Pope Paul III called everyone to the Tridentine Council. The Council was a response to the growing need for reform of the Catholic Church caused by the Reformation. It is considered the beginning of the Counter-Reformation period. It took place in the city of Trento (northern Italy). Catholics consider it the nineteenth Ecumenical Council. The Council started only on December 13 and was held in three stages with 66 participants.
During the gathering, issues raised by the Reformation were discussed, but tensions between Emperor Charles V and Pope Paul III led to the suspension of proceedings.
From May 1, 1551 to April 28, 1552, decrees on the Eucharist, the sacrament of penance and the anointing of the sick were published under Pope Julius III. These discussions about the Council of Trent also had to be suspended due to the uprising of the nobility against Charles V.
From January 18, 1562 to December 4, 1563, during the pontificate of Pope Pius IV, the concepts of the Eucharist, the sacraments of the priesthood and marriage, as well as purgatory were defined. It was deemed necessary to compile an index of forbidden books, and it was decided to carry out a number of church reforms. The decrees of the Council of Trent were approved by Pius IV (1564) and laid the foundations for the further development of Catholic doctrine and theology.
The changes made by the Council of Trent represent the first theological seminary in the Diocese of Milan, founded by Carlo Borromeo. Visits to bishops in the diocese have also begun. In the 17th century, the rules of the monastic monastery were introduced. In 1542, Pope Paul III reorganized the Inquisition. He founded the Congregation of Cardinals of the Holy Roman Empire and the Ecumenical Inquisition, the so-called Sacred Office (Sacrum Officium), which consisted of 6 cardinals and was supposed to oversee the activities of the Inquisition courts in the fight against the Reformation.
The changes initiated by the Council of Trent were accompanied by an internal movement for the repair and renovation of the Church. These changes lasted for almost two centuries and gradually affected bishops, priests, monks, as well as individual rulers. In 1559, the Index Librorum was banned.
Despite the fact that the reforms of the church were necessary and inevitable, the church resisted the upcoming reforms.
The consequences of the Reformation were religious wars in Germany, France and the Netherlands. The Church was defeated, and the political division of the European states intensified. Sweden became the property of the church, which strengthened its position of power. During religious ceremonies, national languages were introduced, literature and poetry developed. A new puritan ethic was also introduced. Rejecting the authority of the Pope, universalist doctrines were rejected, which facilitated the formation of nation-states. The rules of the online game Lucky Jet are simple: you need to place a bet (or two bets at the same time) and have time to withdraw it before game character Lucky Joe, with a bag of luck on his back, gains height and flies away. Otherwise, the bet will burn out and you will lose.